Resting-state EEG reveals altered functional connectivity in children and young adults with severe chronic kidney disease since “slowing” in the EEG is rather normal in severe metabolic disorders

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Illustration of power (% of total power) in the CKD sample. Panel A: Group-averaged power spectrum of all CKD patients, with boxes indicating the predefined frequency bands used in subsequent analyses. Panel B: Topographic maps showing the scalp distribution of power within the delta, alpha, and beta bands.

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  Fig. 2. Panel A: Group-averaged power spectrum for each treatment subgroup: pre-dialysis (blue), dialysis (red), and transplanted (green). This panel provides a descriptive overview of subgroup spectra. Shaded areas indicate ± 1 standard error of the mean (SEM) around the group mean. Panels B and C show the associations between dialysis duration (% of life) and relative power (% of total power) in specific frequency bands, demonstrating that longer dialysis duration was associated with higher delta power (Panel B) and lower alpha power (Panel C). Dialysis duration reflects cumulative lifetime exposure to dialysis, including prior dialysis episodes. Therefore, two patients currently classified in the pre-dialysis group had values slightly above zero. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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  Fig. 3. Panel A shows the AEC spectrum, expressed as correlation coefficients (r), for the three treatment subgroups: pre-dialysis (blue), dialysis (red), and transplanted (green). Panel B shows that higher eGFR is associated with higher delta AEC; each individual patient is represented by a dot, colored according to treatment subgroup. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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  Fig. 4. Panel A shows the AEC spectrum, expressed as correlation coefficients (r; shaded area = SD), in the non-kidney replacement therapy (non-KRT) and kidney replacement therapy (KRT) groups. Panel B shows boxplots and the statistical comparison of delta AEC between non-KRT and KRT groups.