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This study aims to uncover the biological mechanisms underlying immune heterogeneity in rheumatoid factor-positive primary Sjögren’s syndrome.

June 15, 2026Frontiers in ImmunologyOpen Access

Immunological profiling of rheumatoid factor-positive primary Sjögren’s syndrome by single-cell RNA sequencing

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This study aims to uncover the biological mechanisms underlying immune heterogeneity in rheumatoid factor-positive primary Sjögren’s syndrome.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 3 healthy controls, 6 RF-negative, and 6 RF-positive pSS patients underwent single-cell RNA sequencing.
Analyses included pathway enrichment, trajectory analysis, cell-cell communication, and BCR/TCR repertoire profiling.
Findings were validated by flow cytometry.
RF-positive patients showed higher plasma cell proportions and enhanced pathways related to antibody production, clonal expansion, and type I interferon activation.
CD8+ T cells in RF-positive patients had increased cytotoxicity and interferon signaling activation, while MAIT cells were lower in proportion.
Distinct clonal distribution patterns in BCR and TCR repertoire were observed between RF-positive and RF-negative patients.

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Randomized trial elucidates immune cell profiles in primary Sjögren’s syndrome, indicating key stratification by rheumatoid factor status.

Wang et al. (2026) studied this question.

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Randomized trial elucidates immune cell profiles in primary Sjögren’s syndrome, indicating key stratification by rheumatoid factor status.