Systematic 3D Co-Engineering Strategies for Light-Responsive Micro/Nanomotor Systems

Light-powered micro- and nanomotors (MNMs) are rapidly emerging as autonomous microdevices with potential uses in diverse technological and biomedical settings, including energy harvesting, pollution control, and microscale transport. Although notable progress has been made, realizing strong propulsion, controlled directionality, and robust performance in complex or fluctuating environments remains an unresolved challenge. This article approaches MNM design from a three-dimensional material perspective that links composition, structural configuration, and interfacial behavior. Within this view, the interface becomes the key arena where optical stimuli are transformed into mechanical output. Based on these considerations, we introduce the symmetry breaking, topology optimization, responsive dynamics, interface engineering, dimensional coupling, and energy matching (STRIDE) concept for the design of future intelligent MNMs. STRIDE integrates methods for breaking symmetry, refining topologies, engineering adaptive dynamics, tailoring interfaces, coordinating dimensional effects, and ensuring efficient energy transduction. To bridge the gap between structural design and functional response, we further explore convolutional neural network–assisted optimization for identifying effective material–propulsion relationships. The insights presented here outline an interface-centered design philosophy aimed at enabling next-generation MNMs that are adaptable, multifunctional, and capable of autonomous operation under light exposure.