Lifestyle patterns and cultural influences on non-communicable disease risk among West African immigrant mothers in Finland: a PEN-3 model approach

Purpose The global rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a major health concern, with growing prevalence among African immigrants in Western countries. This study aims to explore the experiences of West African immigrant mothers in Finland, focusing on lifestyle patterns perceived to promote well-being or increase NCD risk, and the cultural factors influencing these health behaviors. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study used in-depth semi-structured interviews with 29 first-generation West African immigrant mothers in Finland, recruited through snowball sampling. Inductive content analysis was applied, with emerging themes organized using the PEN-3 model, which also provided the framework for the study. Findings The findings underscore the dual role of culture in both supporting and hindering the health of West African immigrant mothers in Finland. Cultural values act as protective factors but also pose barriers to NCD prevention and healthy living. While participants retained traditional diets, many adopted health behaviors that meets Finnish nutritional recommendations. However, cultural norms and structural barriers often limit consistent healthy practices, despite awareness of NCD risks. Mental health challenges were also prevalent, with many reporting chronic stress. However, mistrust in the healthcare system posed a significant barrier to seeking help. Originality/value The study highlights the need for culturally grounded public health interventions that consider cultural strengths while addressing barriers to NCD prevention. Further research is recommended to explore healthcare mistrust and perceived NCD risk among immigrants in Finland.