Single-lead ECG based autonomic nervous system assessment for meditation monitoring

Figure 1. Meditation and single-lead ECG.

Figure 2. Overall structure of the proposed method.

Figure 3. Tachogram decomposition process of ZLE. The ZLE is composed of (a) instantaneous RR θ[n] estimation and (b) time-variant forward–backward IIR notch filtering.

Figure 4. Correlation coefficient and RMSE between simulated \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\widetilde{{\varvec{x}}}}_{R-f}$$\end{document}x~R-f and filtered \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\overline{{\varvec{x}}} }_{R-f}$$\end{document}x¯R-f (simulated RR: (a) constant, (b) linear function, and (c) sinusoidal function).

Figure 5. Vital signs (HR and RR) and RSA indices (RSAE and PLV) for mindfulness meditation. Box plots of (a) HR, (b) RR, (c) RSAE, and (d) PLV.

Figure 6. Correlation coefficient between raw tachogram (xRAW) and each RSA-free tachogram (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\overline{{\varvec{x}} }$$\end{document}x¯R-f); \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\overline{{\varvec{x}} }$$\end{document}x¯R-f of Gauss (green boxes and dotted line); \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\overline{{\varvec{x}} }$$\end{document}x¯R-f of ARMAx (blue boxes and dashed line); \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek}…

Figure 7. Changes in proposed HRV indices ((a): IDXPNA and (b): IDXSNA) during mindfulness meditation. Gauss (green boxes and dotted line); ARMAx (blue boxes and dashed line); OSP (yellow boxes and dash-dotted line); ZLE (red boxes and solid line).

Figure 8. Vital signs (HR and RR) and RSA indices (RSAE and PLV) for 4 affective states. Box plots of (a) HR, (b) instantaneous RR, (c) RSAE, and (d) PLV.

Figure 9. Changes in HRV indices ((a): IDXPNA and (b): IDXSNA) of tachogram decomposition algorithms according to 4 affective states. Gauss (green boxes and dotted line); ARMAx (blue boxes and dashed line); OSP (yellow boxes and dash-dotted line); ZLE (red boxes and solid line).