Key result
V=N/D-designed cardiac scaffold generates bioelectric potential without external power by replicating alternator-integrated architecture.
Requires validation in living systems; leaves open feasibility of autonomous bioelectric cardiac scaffolds.
This paper demonstrates that a cardiac scaffold designed according to V=N/D replicates the automobile alternator-integrated architecture at biological scale. Density gradient drives spiral motion; motion compresses biomimetic electrocyte layers; compression generates bioelectric potential; potential maintains ionic gradients. The loop closes. External power becomes architecturally unnecessary — the body's ionic environment is both fuel and medium.
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Yoshimitsu Katayama (2026) studied this question. V=N/D cardiac scaffold design was evaluated. A cardiac scaffold designed according to V=N/D replicates an alternator-integrated architecture at a biological scale, generating bioelectric potential without external power.
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