Third-person Encounters: Beauvoir, Walther, and the ‘We’ of Social Identities

Upon entering Harlem for the first time, Simone de Beauvoir recounts how ‘a force pulls me back … fear. Not mine but that of others – the fear of all those whites who never take the risk of going to Harlem’. But of what are they fearful? The risk, Beauvoir describes, is not that of an external danger but themselves. These passages detail the phenomenon of having one’s collective being, one’s unity to certain others, revealed to oneself through a third-person encounter. In this paper, (2) I make sense of Beauvoir’s reflections through Gerda Walther’s social ontology, (3) to show how we consistently undergo pre-reflective we-experiences qua social identities. (4) I then demonstrate how this pre-reflective ‘we’ is made reflective by the external Third; and (5) how we may reflectively disavow ourselves of this ‘we’ when we find it uncomfortable, alienating, and inappropriate. These novel inroads into the phenomenology of collective intentionality leads me (6) to argue that while members of dominant groups enjoy the privilege of having their collective being remain in the unremarkable background, members who inhabit social identities that are stigmatised and oppressed are systematically forced back upon themselves through third-person encounters.