Continuous infusion [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET for measuring dopamine D2/3 receptor availability and amphetamine effects across the brain: Feasibility and test-retest reliability

Purpose Dopamine D 2/3 receptors are expressed throughout the human brain, but synchronous receptor quantification in subcortical and cortical brain areas remains difficult to achieve with a single radioligand. Here, we assessed the suitability of a bolus plus constant infusion (B/I) paradigm for brain-wide dopamine D 2/3 receptor imaging with the agonist radioligand [ 11 C]-(+)-PHNO. Methods Five healthy male volunteers underwent two B/I [ 11 C]-(+)-PHNO positron emission tomography (PET) scans combined with a mid-scan intravenous amphetamine challenge. Non-displaceable binding potentials (BP ND ) were calculated using the equilibrium ratio method and an algorithmically constrained cerebellum as the reference region. Results Reproducible baseline BP ND values were obtained for the majority of regions examined, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.5 to 0.93, and test-retest variability remaining below 10%. Moreover, amphetamine-induced decreases in receptor binding were observed in both scans in cortical and a number of subcortical regions. In the globus pallidus and ventral striatum, however, equilibrium had not been reached prior to amphetamine injection, suggesting that further optimization of the protocol might be needed to quantify amphetamine effects in D 3 receptor-rich regions. Conclusions These results indicate that, within certain limitations, synchronous cortical and subcortical measurements of D 2/3 receptors at baseline and under challenge conditions can be achieved using the B/I approach and [ 11 C]-(+)-PHNO PET.