Emerging Diagnosis and Treatment of Male Infertility: Hope versus Reality

for non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), and predictors of successful sperm retrieval.Therefore, this editorial aims to examine the emerging "clinical need" offered by these novel innovations and appraise the current evidence as the "reality," as summarized in Fig. 1. SEMEN ANALYSIS REVISITEDThe sixth edition of the WHO manual for the examination and processing of human semen has removed the traditional pathological terminology, emphasizing that fifth-percentile reference values should not be interpreted in isolation.Additionally, extended and advanced semen tests are now recommended in specific clinical contexts [6].This section will explore these updates in terms of clinical needs, and examine current evidence to reflect clinical reality.