Enhancing Island–Mainland Connectivity in Estonia: Organizational and Sustainability Challenges

In this paper we analyse ferry connectivity between Estonia’s mainland and major islands, focusing on structural drivers of service performance, costs, and sustainability. Using operational data and institutional analysis, we show that outcomes are shaped primarily by route characteristics, seasonality, vessel requirements, and infrastructure lock-in rather than operational efficiency alone. The current reliance on uniform large ice-class ferries and terminals tailored to existing vessels has reduced system flexibility and constrained decarbonisation. Drawing on selected international practices with relevance to Estonia, the analysis identifies four strategic priorities—measurable service levels, clearer institutional responsibility, more flexible funding, and diversified fleet deployment—and demonstrates that right-sized vessels and modular capacity can improve utilisation, reduce energy demand at terminals, enhance resilience to variable water levels, and support phased electrification. Strengthening island connectivity therefore requires integrated planning of services, vessels, and infrastructure under clear governance frameworks.