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June 17, 2026European Journal of Industrial Relations

Squaring the care trilemma through twofold dualization. Institutional change and diversity in Italy and Spain

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Authors

ÓRÓscar Molina RomoAMAnna MoriJRJoan Rodríguez‐Soler

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Overview

This analysis reveals how employment relations affect care provision in Italy and Spain, suggesting implications for policy reform.

Key Points

  • To examine the role of employment relations in resolving the care trilemma in Italy and Spain.
  • Analyzed the similarities and differences in welfare states and care models of Italy and Spain.
  • Investigated the impact of fragmented trade unions and employer organizations on care services.
  • Assessed the influence of outsourcing practices in the public sector on public/private divides.
  • Both countries exhibit a dualized pattern in care services, influenced by employment relations.
  • Significant differences in the intensity of divides between early childhood education and care (ECEC) and long-term care (LTC) services are noted.
  • Institutional changes and diversity contribute to differences in care provision outcomes between the two nations.

Cite This Study

Romo et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a323b4cd50b63ecad206014https://doi.org/10.1177/09596801261454473
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 4 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Building Theories from Case Study Research1989 · 17,176 citations
  2. 2Long-term care in Spain: a reform failure or the regulation of a development path?2020 · 13 citations
  3. 3Equality, Employment, and Budgetary Restraint: The Trilemma of the Service Economy1998 · 988 citations
  4. 4Two‐Tier Labour Markets in the Great Recession: France<i>Versus</i>Spain2012 · 294 citations