Dynamics of Household Water-Energy Nexus Vulnerabilities: A Comprehensive Qualitative Review

The growing interdependence between water and energy systems at the household level has created vulnerabilities that increasingly threaten everyday living conditions, especially in communities affected by climate variability, poor infrastructure, and socioeconomic inequalities. This study presents a comprehensive qualitative review of vulnerabilities within the Household Water-Energy Nexus (HWEN), drawing on existing literature and regional case studies to explore the key drivers, impacts, and resilience pathways associated with household resource insecurity. The review shows how challenges in accessing water and energy often reinforce one another, which creates economic strain, affects health and well-being, and places additional pressure on the environment. Beyond identifying these challenges, the study highlights the importance of practical and inclusive resilience strategies that combine fair policy reforms, people-centred technological innovations, and community-driven behavioural changes. The paper also identifies important research gaps, including the need for scenario-based climate studies, behavioural investigations, and more interdisciplinary approaches to support just and sustainable transitions in the water and energy sectors. The study contributes to understanding HWEN vulnerabilities and offers useful insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners working to strengthen resilience in vulnerable communities.