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This study aims to assess the performance of cascade operation using R290 air-to-water heat pumps in cold Nordic climates.

June 17, 2026

Field Evaluation of Multiple R290 Air-to-Water Heat Pumps in Cascade Operation Adapted to Nordic Climates

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Randomized trial evaluates heating efficiency of multiple AWHPs in Nordic climates, suggesting cascade operation benefits.

This study aims to assess the performance of cascade operation using R290 air-to-water heat pumps in cold Nordic climates.
Multiple R290 AWHPs were installed in Oslo, Norway, utilizing cascade-control logic for operation.
Performance was compared to conventional non-cascade operation under various winter weather conditions.
Key metrics included target water temperature attainment rates and seasonal performance factor under varying ambient temperatures and humidity.
The cascade case achieved an average target water temperature attainment rate of 96.9%.
Improvements in energy efficiency reached up to 0.48 as outdoor temperature increased and humidity decreased.
The seasonal performance factor showed a 10.4% improvement in cascade operation compared to non-cascade operation under normal winter conditions.

Lee et al. (2026) studied this question.

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