From PCR to Gene Therapy: Modern Approaches to Diagnosing and Treating Genetic Disorders

This independent review paper explores modern approaches used in the diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders, with a focus on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), genetic analysis techniques, the Human Genome Project, and gene therapy. The paper reviews published literature to examine how advances in biotechnology and molecular genetics have improved disease detection, understanding of human genetic variation, and the development of targeted therapeutic approaches. It also discusses future directions including personalized medicine and emerging genetic technologies. This work was prepared independently for educational and portfolio purposes and is intended as a literature-based academic review. It has not undergone peer review.