Review on Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Incorporated Nanohydroxyapatite Using Biomaterial and Its Application

Nanotechnology has emerged as a rapidly advancing field with significant applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. Among various nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) have gained considerable attention due to their unique antimicrobial and osteoconductive properties. This review focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticle-incorporated nanohydroxyapatite (nHA-AgNP) using plant-based biomaterials, particularly Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi) and Mentha spicata (Mint). Green synthesis offers an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods by utilizing natural phytochemicals as reducing and stabilizing agents. The review discusses the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite from eggshell-derived calcium sources, the preparation of silver nanoparticles using Tulsi and Mint extracts, and the fabrication of the nHA-AgNP nanocomposite. Various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are highlighted for confirming the structural and physicochemical properties of the synthesized material. The incorporation of silver nanoparticles significantly enhances the antibacterial activity of nanohydroxyapatite against a broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms while maintaining its excellent biocompatibility and bone regenerative potential. The developed nanocomposite shows promising applications in bone tissue nanocomposite. Various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are highlighted for confirming the structural and physicochemical properties of the synthesized material. The incorporation of silver nanoparticles significantly enhances the antibacterial activity of nanohydroxyapatite against a broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms while maintaining its excellent biocompatibility and bone regenerative potential. The developed nanocomposite shows promising applications in bone tissue engineering, dental restorations, implant coatings, wound healing, and drug delivery systems. Overall, green-synthesized nHA-AgNP represents a sustainable and innovative biomaterial with substantial potential for future biomedical applications.