Slope stability in open-pit mining is not a static condition but evolves continuously as excavation progresses and geomechanical conditions change. In this study, an integrated approach combining ground-based radar monitoring, satellite-based InSAR time-series analysis, and numerical stability modeling was applied to evaluate slope behavior in a large-scale open-pit copper mine with complex geological and structural characteristics. Radar data revealed progressive and episodic deformation concentrated in specific slope sectors, while InSAR observations showed that deformation continued at lower rates after the main movement phase, providing a longer-term perspective of slope response. Stability analyses using limit equilibrium and finite element methods indicate that the slope operates close to a limit equilibrium condition, particularly under saturated scenarios where factors of safety approach critical levels and strain localization becomes more pronounced. The results show a clear link between observed deformation patterns and calculated stability conditions, with structural discontinuities and groundwater playing a dominant role in controlling slope behavior. Based on these findings, an integrated workflow is proposed that links monitoring data with stability assessment, enabling the identification of critical zones and supporting the evaluation of slope conditions during ongoing mining operations. This approach contributes to more reliable decision-making and supports safer and more sustainable open-pit mining practices.
Bulgurcu et al. (2026) studied this question.