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The study aims to develop and validate a scale measuring generative AI dependency among university students in programming contexts.

June 17, 2026BMC PsychologyOpen Access

Generative AI dependency on programming among university students: a scale development and validation study

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The study aims to develop and validate a scale measuring generative AI dependency among university students in programming contexts.
Data collected from 1,295 university students using a convenience sampling approach.
Item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were employed for scale development and validation.
Pearson correlation analyses provided evidence of criterion-related validity.
The developed scale demonstrated a three-factor structure with satisfactory reliability and validity.
The findings suggest that generative AI dependency involves cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.
The scale can assist in evaluating AI dependency in programming education, informing instructional design.

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Scale development assesses generative AI dependency in university students, indicating implications for education.

Zhang et al. (2026) studied this question.

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