Fig. 1. The 2026 FIFA World Cup as a temporary epidemiological infrastructure. Conceptual representation of the transition from an event centred view of mass gatherings to an infrastructure centred perspective. Human mobility, interconnected urban systems, environmental interfaces, healthcare networks, wastewater systems, and digital surveillance platforms collectively generate a temporary epidemiological observatory capable of supporting large scale population health research and preparedness activities beyond outbreak prevention alone. The framework illustrates how interconnected infrastructures may simultaneously shape transmission opportunities and generate observational data streams that can contribute to network epidemiology, cross border surveillance, urban health research, and One Health preparedness.
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Ceccarelli et al. (2026) studied this question.
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