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Automated vehicle systems still require drivers to perform takeover tasks. Directional vibrotactile takeover requests that use tactile signals on the wrist could be a viable option for alerting drivers. However, user preferences for these patterns in different scenario contexts have not been studied across large, diverse user groups. This study investigated the effects of age (younger adults aged 18–40 and older adults aged 65 or older) and pattern type (static versus dynamic) on perceived usefulness and satisfaction in lateral steering and longitudinal braking scenarios, across two levels of scenario predictability (L1 hardest to predict, L3 easiest). An online survey was completed by 340 participants. Overall, static patterns were rated as more useful and satisfactory than dynamic patterns. No main differences were found across age groups. The findings from this study may guide the development of inclusive human–machine interfaces for the next generation.
Lo et al. (Tue,) studied this question.