Long-term Recurrence and Complications Associated With Elective Incisional Hernia Repair

Importance: Prosthetic mesh is frequently used to reinforce the repair of abdominal wall incisional hernias. The benefits of mesh for reducing the risk of hernia recurrence or the long-term risks of mesh-related complications are not known. Objective: To investigate the risks of long-term recurrence and mesh-related complications following elective abdominal wall hernia repair in a population with complete follow-up. Design, Setting, and Participants: Registry-based nationwide cohort study including all elective incisional hernia repairs in Denmark from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2010. A total of 3242 patients with incisional repair were included. Follow-up until November 1, 2014, was obtained by merging data with prospective registrations from the Danish National Patient Registry supplemented with a retrospective manual review of patient records. A 100% follow-up rate was obtained. Exposures: Hernia repair using mesh performed by either open or laparoscopic techniques vs open repair without use of mesh. Main Outcomes and Measures: Five-year risk of reoperation for recurrence and 5-year risk of all mesh-related complications requiring subsequent surgery. Results: Among the 3242 patients (mean age, 58.5 SD, 13.5 years; 1720 women 53.1%), 1119 underwent open mesh repair (34.5%), 366 had open nonmesh repair (11.3%), and 1757 had laparoscopic mesh repair (54.2%). The median follow-up after open mesh repair was 59 (interquartile range IQR, 44-80) months, after nonmesh open repair was 62 (IQR, 44-79) months, and after laparoscopic mesh repair was 61 (IQR, 48-78) months. The risk of the need for repair for recurrent hernia following these initial hernia operations was lower for patients with open mesh repair (12.3% 95% CI, 10.4%-14.3%; risk difference, -4.8% 95% CI, -9.1% to -0.5%) and for patients with laparoscopic mesh repair (10.6% 95% CI, 9.2%-12.1%; risk difference, -6.5% 95% CI, -10.6% to -2.4%) compared with nonmesh repair (17.1% 95% CI, 13.2%-20.9%). For the entirety of the follow-up duration, there was a progressively increasing number of mesh-related complications for both open and laparoscopic procedures. At 5 years of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of mesh-related complications was 5.6% (95% CI, 4.2%-6.9%) for patients who underwent open mesh hernia repair and 3.7% (95% CI, 2.8%-4.6%) for patients who underwent laparoscopic mesh repair. The long-term repair-related complication rate for patients with an initial nonmesh repair was 0.8% (open nonmesh repair vs open mesh repair: risk difference, 5.3% 95% CI, 4.4%-6.2%; open nonmesh repair vs laparoscopic mesh repair: risk difference, 3.4% 95% CI, 2.7%-4.1%). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients undergoing incisional repair, sutured repair was associated with a higher risk of reoperation for recurrence over 5 years compared with open mesh and laparoscopic mesh repair. With long-term follow-up, the benefits attributable to mesh are offset in part by mesh-related complications.