Examines UN voting responses to the Russia–Ukraine war in Global South states, suggesting a new model for understanding their positions.
This paper examines how Global South states negotiate particularist universalism unevenly through UN voting patterns on the Russia–Ukraine war (2022–2025). Drawing on systematic analysis of UNGA resolutions ES-11/1 through ES-11/8 and official country statements, it demonstrates that divergent responses reflect neither Huntington's clash of civilisations nor simple multipolarity, but contested universalism. Original analytical contributions include three formal models: the Particularist Universalism Index (PUI), the Heterarchy Mapping Model (HMM), and the Normative Contestation Spectrum (NCS). MA European Studies coursework, MISHA, MAHE Manipal, June 2026.
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Bibhu Kalyan Pradhan (2026) studied this question.
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