Cumulative information on the status of H2 production and subsurface storage in India

This review article consolidates the status and prospects of hydrogen (H 2 ) production and underground storage (UHS) in India, emphasizing its role in the energy transition and climate commitments. Studies suggest that H 2 production is currently dominated by carbon-intensive methods such as steam methane reforming and coal gasification, transitioning to renewable-powered electrolysis is critical for sustainability. Reports reveals that India’s National Green H 2 Mission targets 5 million metric tons (MMT) of green H 2 production annually by 2030, supported by 125 GW of renewable energy capacity, to decarbonize sectors like transportation, heavy industry, and chemical manufacturing. India’s geographical advantages, including high solar irradiance and wind potential, provide a strong foundation for green hydrogen production. Additionally, UHS in geological formations such as salt caverns and depleted reservoirs offer large-scale storage potential, with sedimentary basins like Mumbai Offshore and Krishna-Godavari identified as key regions. However, in India, it is essential to evaluate challenges such as high costs, safety concerns, and the regulatory framework associated with UHS. Work on UHS in India has been negligible; whatever limited progress has been made remains purely conceptual, necessitating experimental and simulation-based studies to translate these concepts into practical reality. Overall, there is a tremendous need for targeted research, pilot projects, and policy cooperation to establish India as a global leader in the production and underground storage of H 2 .