Reclaiming Neurodiversity: Indigenous Perspectives on Autism, Relationality, and Inclusion

In Canada, Indigenous knowledge offers a distinct perspective on autism and neurodiversity, grounded in relationality and in sharp contrast with the deficit-oriented lens provided by Euro-Western medical models. For many Indigenous communities, neurodivergence is understood as part of the natural experience of human expression, with individuals being recognized for their unique contributions to collective well-being rather than defined by perceived limitations. This holistic worldview situates neurodivergence within a broader context of kinship, interconnectedness, and traditional teachings, and views neurodiverse individuals as having distinct insights or abilities that enrich the collective with various teachings and expertise. This perception contrasts with the Western medical model, which historically has resulted in segregation of people with autism while emphasizing interventions to normalize behavior. Indigenous understandings of neurodiversity involve the identification and cultivation of individual gifts and a collective approach to support and care. However, the legacies of colonialism have eroded Indigenous wisdom and knowledge on neurodiversity, resulting in the loss of critical culturally based support systems. Here, we discuss efforts to foster cultural resurgence and reclaim traditional practices that prioritize inclusion and support for neurodivergent individuals within relational and community-driven frameworks.