Unleashing human potential: An artificial intelligence competency framework for K–12 education

This study explores strategic approaches for integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into K–12 education to prepare learners for the AI era. It addresses two critical questions: 1) What are the key components of AI competency frameworks identified in current research? 2) What framework can guide the effective, responsible integration of AI in K–12 while prioritising human values? We conducted a scoping review of 54 studies, identifying three core student competencies: foundational AI knowledge, practical and cognitive skills of using AI, and ethical awareness. However, existing frameworks place limited emphasis on developing human values. Consequently, we propose a three-component developmental framework—Understanding, Using, and Unleashing—to guide AI integration. The ‘Understanding’ component cultivates a conceptual understanding of AI, while ‘Using’ emphasises practical and cognitive skills of using AI to enhance learning. Finally, ‘Unleashing’ highlights AI’s potential to empower personal growth, and fostering a spiritual self capable of making value-based decisions and do good. This framework aims to prepare learners to contribute meaningfully to future society. Schools must teach students to use AI for empowerment and good, avoiding mere reliance or shortcuts. Through practical activities, education should guide learners to unleash their potential and harness technology for spiritual self-development.