Effects of Bee-Derived Products, Yoga, and Dietary Intervention on Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a rapidly increasing global health concern, closely associated with lifestyle-related factors such as obesity, dietary habits, and physical inactivity. Integrative approaches combining nutritional and life-style interventions may offer complementary strategies for improving metabolic outcomes under real-world clinical conditions. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combined intervention including bee-derived products (propolis and bee bread), dietary modification, and structured physical activity on glycaemic control and metabolic parameters in patients with T2DM. Methods This pilot, practice-based observational study applied a within-subject design, in which each participant served as their own control. A total of 130 patients initiated the intervention, and 10 participants who completed the full protocol were included in the final analysis. The intervention consisted of daily supplementation with propolis (15 drops) and bee bread (10 g), a structured yoga programme (three sessions per week), and a progressive dietary intervention including timerestricted feeding over a three-month period. Primary outcome measures included fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and liver function parameters (SGPT and SGOT). Results Significant improvements were observed in glycaemic and metabolic parameters. Mean fasting blood glucose decreased from 234.1 ± 71.5 mg/dL to 110.0 ± 23.7 mg/dL (p = .001), while HbA1c levels decreased from 9.5 ± 2.1% to 5.8 ± 0.6% (p = .001). Liver function parameters also improved, with reductions in SGPT and SGOT levels. Postprandial physical activity was associated with additional reductions in blood glucose levels. HPLC-DAD analysis of propolis identified bioactive compounds including caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and chlorogenic acid. Conclusion The findings suggest that a combined intervention including bee-derived products, dietary modification, and structured physical activity may be associated with substantial improvements in metabolic parameters in patients with T2DM. These results support the potential relevance of integrative, multimodal approaches in real-world clinical settings. Further studies with larger sample sizes and optimised intervention protocols are required to confirm these findings.