Gender Disparities in Primary and Secondary Education in the European Union: Trends, Structural Factors and Institutional Challenges

Gender disparities in primary and secondary education remain a key concern across the European Union, affecting educational outcomes and shaping future opportunities for girls and boys differently. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive, thematic analysis of gender disparities in compulsory education across the EU, focusing on trends, structural factors, and institutional challenges. By using descriptive statistics, secondary data sources (Eurostat, OECD PISA and PIRLS, Eurydice, UNESCO), and comparative policy analysis within a framework of educational science, the study explores regional, national, and European-level dimensions of gender inequality in education. It addresses variations in early school leaving, academic achievement gaps, STEM subject preferences, and socio-cultural influences. Special attention is given to examining the case studies of EU member states of Croatia and Sweden to illustrate diverse policy environments and contextual challenges. The primary objective is to identify key regional and socioeconomic factors that contribute to existing gender disparities and critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of current educational policies. The paper intends to highlight areas for targeted intervention, facilitate knowledge-sharing among EU member states, and inform policymakers and educators on strategies to promote equitable educational outcomes for all students.