Recent advances in behaviour guidance for children: Integrating tradition, technology, and innovation in paediatric dentistry

Objectives: This review aimed to evaluate recent advances in behaviour guidance techniques in paediatric dentistry, integrating traditional methods with emerging technologies and innovative approaches to enhance child cooperation and clinical outcomes. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted focusing on both conventional and contemporary behaviour management strategies. Traditional techniques such as Tell-Show-Do, voice control, and positive reinforcement were compared with newer non-pharmacological interventions, including virtual reality distraction, audiovisual aids, cognitive-behavioural approaches, and artificial intelligence-based behaviour prediction tools. Additional emphasis was placed on parental involvement, cultural considerations, and management strategies for neurodivergent children. Results: Traditional behaviour guidance techniques remain fundamental in paediatric dentistry; however, emerging technologies have significantly enhanced their effectiveness. Virtual reality and audiovisual distraction methods have demonstrated improved anxiety reduction and patient cooperation. Cognitive-behavioural strategies provide structured psychological support, while AI-based tools show promise in predicting child behaviour and tailoring individualized management approaches. Increased parental involvement and culturally sensitive adaptations further contribute to improved acceptance and treatment outcomes, particularly in children with special healthcare needs. Conclusions: Behaviour guidance in paediatric dentistry is evolving toward a more holistic, patient-centred approach that integrates traditional principles with technological innovations. The incorporation of evidence-based modern techniques can significantly improve the dental experience for children, reduce anxiety, and optimize clinical efficiency. Future research should focus on standardizing these approaches and evaluating their long-term effectiveness across diverse populations.