Genomic diversity of measles virus in the era of re-emergence: a minireview

Measles is a disease caused by the measles virus (MeV); it remains a critical public health concern despite the availability of a highly effective vaccine. MeV is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the Paramyxoviridae family. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic biology, taxonomy, structure, and genomic diversity of MeV. Also highlighted is the historical background of measles and the importance of genotyping in molecular surveillance of MeV. The review also discusses the stability of MeV despite its genotypic variations. Current genotyping practices, primarily based on sequencing the N-450 region and the hemagglutinin ( H ) gene, are reviewed in relation to their role in measles surveillance and elimination efforts. The measles virus exhibits moderate genetic variability with a single serotype, enabling lifelong immunity following infection or vaccination. Despite recent outbreaks due to vaccine hesitancy and healthcare disruptions, molecular surveillance continues to guide elimination strategies effectively.