Pesticide Residues in Pome Fruits: Occurrence, Quality Profiling, and Advanced Dietary Risk Characterisation

The occurrence of pesticide residues in pome fruits and their implications for consumer health remain critical concerns in food safety. In this study, 222 pesticide residues were analysed in 155 samples of apples, pears, and quinces collected from Türkiye between October 2025 and March 2026 using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Residues were detected in 76.4% of apples, 86% of pears, and 30% of quinces, with frequent multi-residue patterns and notable occurrences of non-approved compounds. Pear samples exhibited the highest contamination levels, with maximum residue level (MRL) exceedance rates reaching 30%, compared to 14.5% in apples and 2% in quinces. Quality assessment based on the index of quality for residues (IqR) indicated that 96% of quince samples were classified as excellent or good, demonstrating the most favourable profile among the evaluated commodities. Risk ranking analysis further indicated that acetamiprid was the only high-risk pesticide in apples, whereas residues in pears were predominantly medium risk, and all detected compounds in quinces fell within the low-risk category. Deterministic risk assessment indicated that chronic exposure remained well below levels of concern for both adults and children. Under combined pome fruit consumption, acetamiprid and spirodiclofen were identified as the main contributors to chronic hazard index (HIc), accounting for 33% and 13% of HIc, respectively. However, acute exposure exceeded the safety threshold (HQa > 1) in children for acetamiprid in both apples and pears. Probabilistic modelling confirmed right-skewed exposure distributions and highlighted increased risk under cumulative consumption scenarios.