Coordinated Control and Management Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage in Sustainable Energy Systems Under Abnormal Operating Conditions

Amid the global transition toward sustainable energy systems, the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) plays a vital role due to its combined advantages of high energy density and high power density. However, distributed HESSs in islanded microgrids still lack effective management strategies for handling complex and abnormal operating conditions, which may compromise system stability. Therefore, this paper proposes a coordinated control and management strategy for distributed HESSs based on grid-forming (GFM) converters. First, a dynamic following decoupling algorithm based on actual power anchoring is proposed to eliminate the reverse active power regulation phenomenon during the initial transient period while enabling the frequency restoration process and the power transfer process to be completed independently. Second, to address communication interruptions in the multi-agent system, a communication weight update mechanism and a local degraded control strategy are designed to ensure that the system can still operate stably when communication is disconnected. Furthermore, through an information relay mechanism, a faulty converter is redefined as an information relay node to maintain the global communication topology of the multi-agent system under converter fault conditions. Finally, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, demonstrating its ability to enhance microgrid resilience and sustainability.