A Comprehensive Review of Ginkgo Biloba Extract's Neuroprotective Effects in Parkinson's Disease

A progressive neurodegenerative condition, Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, located in the midbrain and basal ganglia. This degeneration leads to a decline in dopamine levels. Initially, PD impacts areas such as the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and the olfactory bulbs, later progressing to the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. In advanced stages, cortical regions also become involved, complicating the disease’s pathophysiology. Ginkgo biloba extract, derived from the ancient Ginkgo biloba tree, has shown promise in addressing neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s disease. Key compounds in GBE, such as EGb761 and Ginkgetin, possess notable antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective properties. This review explores the bioactive components and their role in neuroprotection and other activities demonstrated by gingko biloba extract.