Morphological and Phytochemical Assessment of Six Fennel Genotypes from Different Origins Using GC-MS Profiling

This field experiment evaluated six fennel genotypes from different geographical locations (Jordan, Germany, Italy, Pakistan, and Iraq) for their agronomic performance and chemical profiles using GC-MS with alcoholic and aqueous extraction methods. Significant variation was observed in most agronomic attributes except branch number per plant. The Hannan genotype excelled in seed weight (10.90 g) and total yield (279.20 g/m 2 ), making it ideal for commercial use, while the Amigo genotype was superior in umbel yield (48.22 umbel/plant). Chemical profiles showed considerable variation due to genetic background and extraction methods, with aqueous extracts containing more polar compounds and methanolic extracts containing more non-polar compounds such as terpenoids and esters. The Di Firenze genotype had the highest number of compounds (32) in its methanolic extract, while the Amigo genotype had the fewest compounds. Cluster analysis revealed high genetic variability between genotypes, especially with methanolic extraction, indicating the role of genetic diversity in metabolite variation. The findings suggest the Hannan genotype is suitable for seed production and the Amigo for umbel production. Further research is needed to explore genotype stability across environments and to investigate genetic mechanisms underlying metabolite biosynthesis.