Randomized trial provides evidence for the thermal collapse mechanism of neutron stars into black holes, suggesting an alternative to existing theories.
The mainstream astrophysical theory attributes the evolution of massive neutron stars into black holes to gravitational static pressure exceeding neutron degeneracy pressure, which crushes neutron structures through mechanical extrusion. Combining three sets of objective evidence including measured mechanical data from heavy-ion collisions, observed temperatures of neutron stars, and the critical temperature for hadron deconfinement, this paper conducts rigorous comparison between dynamic and static loads to deduce that the slowly accumulated gravitational static pressure inside stars cannot reach the mechanical threshold required to disintegrate neutrons. Only the continuous heat accumulation from gravitational compression can raise the core temperature above the critical deconfinement temperature of approximately 2*10^12 K, triggering global melting of neutrons and their transformation into high-energy photon fluids. This process constitutes the only self-consistent path for neutron stars to collapse into black holes. All fundamental physical parameters adopted in this paper are derived from accelerator experiments and astronomical telescope observations, avoiding purely speculative deductions and forming a complete and rigorous deduction chain. Meanwhile, this paper compares the inherent stagnation defect of the mechanical extrusion model, and verifies that the chain high-temperature reaction of photon soup can proceed continuously without interruption, forming a complete evolutionary closed loop explaining the full collapse of neutron stars into black holes, and providing a new alternative theoretical paradigm for the evolution of compact celestial bodies.
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Jiaqing Yan (2026) studied this question.
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