Morphometric variability of Dactylorhiza incarnata in urban and protected habitats

Population ecology and morphometric variability of the rare orchid Dactylorhiza incarnata were studied in contrasting habitats, including urban ecosystems (Sumy, Ukraine) and protected meadow habitats within the Desnianskyi biosphere reserve. The results demonstrated habitat-dependent differences in population organization. The urban population was characterized by a full-membered ontogenetic spectrum with predominance of virginal individuals and moderate representation of generative plants (21.2%), indicating a mature demographic structure. The protected habitat population showed a rejuvenated structure dominated by juvenile individuals and higher values of morphometric traits. Morphometric variability of D. incarnata reflects ecological adaptation to habitat conditions, while anthropogenic pressure and vegetation competition are key factors influencing population development. The findings contribute to conservation biology and population monitoring of rare orchid species.