Integrative Agromorphological, Physicochemical, and Microstructural Characterization of Andean Phaseolus Germplasm from Peru

This study characterized 58 Phaseolus spp. accessions conserved in the INIA–Amazonas Germplasm Bank (Peru) using an integrated agromorphological, physicochemical, and microstructural approach. Significant variability was observed among vegetative, reproductive, and seed-related traits, reflecting the broad phenotypic diversity of Andean germplasm. Cluster analysis identified groups with contrasting agronomic characteristics, particularly regarding plant height, number of pods per plant, and seed weight. Physicochemical analyses revealed significant differences in colorimetric parameters, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity among accessions. Darker-seeded accessions generally exhibited higher phenolic contents and greater antioxidant capacity. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, rheological analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed differences in molecular composition, starch functionality, and granule morphology among accessions. Overall, the evaluated germplasm exhibited substantial phenotypic and biochemical diversity, underscoring its potential value for breeding programs and food-related applications. These findings contribute to the conservation, sustainable utilization, and valorization of native bean genetic resources.