Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
), for precision oncotherapy. In addition to whole-cell therapies, we introduce bacterial derivatives such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and membrane-coated nanoparticles as complementary approaches. Finally, we discuss key translational challenges in bacteria-based cancer therapies, including strain optimization, immune-related adverse effects, and manufacturing scalability. This review consolidates current advances in bacterial cancer therapy, offering a design framework to optimize microbial therapeutics. By bridging engineering principles with clinical needs, it provides actionable insights for developing safer, more effective living medicines against cancers.
Cheng et al. (Fri,) studied this question.