Catechin–Folate nano-niosomes from Osbeckia parvifolia Arn. induce apoptotic cell death in Ovarian cancer

Figures

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  Fig. 1. (a) Venn Diagram of Common Targets, (b) Compounds Target Network, (c) Protein-Protein Interaction Network, (d) Degree Sorted Top 10 hub proteins, (e) Human eFP expression analysis.

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  Fig. 2. Gene Ontology plot.

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  Fig. 3. MAF Oncoplot.

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  Fig. 4. Interaction of catechin with top five hub proteins; A- AKT1; B – IL6; C- STAT3; D- ESR1; E- CASP3;.

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  Fig. 5. Molecular Dynamics Simulation with top two docked complexes.

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  Fig. 6. HPLC Chromatograms of standard catechin and OPF1.

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  Fig. 7. LC–MS/MS profiling of catechin and epicatechin in the OPF1. (A) Base Peak Chromatogram (BPC) showing two major peaks corresponding to catechin (RT 6.51 min) and epicatechin (RT 8.21 min) detected in negative ESI mode. (B) MS spectrum of catechin (RT 6.51 min) showing the deprotonated molecular ion [M–H]⁻ at m/z 289.1581 with fragment ion at m/z 246.1463. (C) MS/MS fragmentation spectrum of catechin confirming characteristic product ions at m/z 205.1883 and 246.1153. (D) MS spectrum of epicatechin (RT 8.21 min) showing the [M–H]⁻ ion at m/z 289.1566 along with fragment ion at m/z 245.1461. (E) MS/MS fragmentation spectrum of epicatechin exhibiting diagnostic product ions at m/z 109.1684 and 245.1508.

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  Fig. 8. HPTLC chromatogram of standard catechin and OPF1.

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  Fig. 9. qPCR densitogram of catechin synthesis gene expression. Gel image cropped for clarity; Whole gel image is available in Supplementary information figure.

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  Fig. 10. (a) Flow cytometry plots of apoptosis induction by F5 in SKOV3 cell lines. (b) Dual staining fluorescence images of F5 treated SKOV3 cell lines showing apoptosis.

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  Fig. 11. Flow cytometry-based Cell Cycle Arrest induced by F5 in SKOV3 cell lines.

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  Fig. 12. Comparative FTIR spectra of constituents and optimized formulation (F5).