Psychological variables of crossFit participants: an up-to-date systematic review

Introduction CrossFit® presents a relevant context for investigating psychological variables due to its characteristics, including high-intensity training, a competitive environment, strong social interaction, and a focus on performance and overcoming physical and mental limits. This systematic review aimed to broaden understanding of the psychological variables of CrossFit participants by identifying findings, methodologies, and existing research gaps. Methods This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251120994). Searches were performed in SCOPUS, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The methodological quality of the included cross-sectional studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Results Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria, most of which employed a cross-sectional design. Exercise dependence was the most frequently investigated variable, with prevalence rates ranging from 14.4% to 25.2%. Intrinsic and self-determined motivation predominated among participants and were strongly associated with passion for the sport. Evidence also suggested positive effects on well-being and emotional self-efficacy. Conversely, competitive settings were associated with increased anxiety levels and negative mood changes. Preference and tolerance for high-intensity exercise were positively related to social support. Conclusion The findings indicate that CrossFit participation is associated with high levels of intrinsic motivation, passion for the sport, and emotional self-efficacy, which may contribute to psychological well-being. However, the occurrence of exercise dependence, mood fluctuations, and elevated anxiety in competitive contexts highlights the importance of professional monitoring and appropriate training load management. Further research, particularly longitudinal and experimental studies, is needed to strengthen the evidence regarding the psychological outcomes associated with CrossFit participation. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251120994 , identifier CRD420251120994.