LED Driver Topologies for Solid State Lighting: A Comprehensive Review of Conventional Converters Emerging GaN Based Designs and Smart Lighting Solutions

Light emitting diode (LED) technology has become ubiquitous in residential and industrial lighting. The performance of an LED system, including its efficiency, power factor, lifespan, and cost, is critically dependent on the driver's power converter topology. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements and trends in LED driver design to serve as a guide for engineers and researchers. By analyzing contemporary research from leading journals and conference proceedings, the review identifies and evaluates suitable converter topologies for various power levels. The analysis concludes that while numerous topologies are viable, the flyback converter remains the predominant solution for low power applications (<100 W) due to its cost effectiveness and simplicity. Key design considerations, including power factor correction, efficiency, dimming capability, and reliability, are also discussed to inform future design choices.