Development of audio-based sport massage learning media to enhance vocational teachers’ skills for students with visual impairment

Introduction: This study is motivated by the limited availability of instructional media and the insufficient competence of teachers in delivering sports massage content within vocational education. It aims to develop audio-based instructional media to facilitate more effective and inclusive learning in sports massage. Methodology: The study adopts a research and development approach encompassing 10 stages, from research and information collection to dissemination and implementation. The participants included 6 respondents in the preliminary field test stage, 15 in the main field test, and 42 in the operational field test. Research instruments comprised expert validation sheets, feasibility questionnaires, and skills tests. Data were analyzed using Aiken’s V for content validity, descriptive percentage analysis, and paired-samples t-tests, following the fulfillment of normality and homogeneity assumptions. Results: The findings indicate that the developed media achieved a high level of validity, with an Aiken’s V coefficient of 0.83, categorized as highly valid. Feasibility testing demonstrated an improvement in media quality, reflected in the increase of the “Very Good” category from 53.33% in the main field test to 78.57% in the operational field test. Effectiveness testing revealed a statistically significant improvement in pre-test and post-test scores across both stages, with a p-value of 0.000 (< 0.05), indicating that the media effectively enhanced practical sport massage skills. Conclusions: The developed audio-based sport massage instructional media are valid, feasible, and effective in improving practical skills while supporting more inclusive learning for students with visual impairments.