Insight into the Prospects of RNA Interference for Honey Bee Pathogens and Parasite Control

Honey bee populations face significant threats from viral pathogens, Nosema ceranae, Varroa destructor, and the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida), all of which contribute to colony losses worldwide. RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising molecular tool for controlling these pathogens and pests through sequence-specific gene silencing. This review summarizes current advances in RNAi applications against major honey bee diseases and parasites, including antiviral strategies, suppression of Nosema development, interference with Varroa reproduction, and RNAi-based control of small hive beetles. Particular attention is given to recent developments in delivery technologies, including oral administration, nanoparticle-assisted formulations, and symbiont-mediated RNAi systems. The opportunities, limitations, and future challenges associated with large-scale implementation, environmental safety, regulatory approval, and field deployment are also discussed. Collectively, these advances highlight the potential of RNAi as a valuable component of sustainable honey bee health management and integrated pest management programs.