The Effect of Vitamin D Deficiency, Premenopausal Hysterectomy with or without Oophorectomy, and Other Demographic Factors on the Risk of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women

Background: Osteoporosis (OS) poses significant risks to postmenopausal women, leading to debilitating fractures and reduced quality of life. This bone disease, characterized by diminished bone mass and strength, is influenced by age, genetics, ethnicity, and hormonal changes, profoundly impacting the susceptibility to fractures in older women. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of certain demographic factors such as duration of menopause, premenopausal hysterectomy, Vitamin D deficiency, and other factors on bone mass reduction and OS occurrence. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Baghdad Teaching Hospital from January to October 2023 and involved 150 postmenopausal women aged 45–65 years. To assess bone health, data were gathered through questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests, including dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) s cans and Vitamin D levels. Results: Out of 150 postmenopausal women studied, 58% had OS, and 42% did not No Osteoporosis (NOS). Risk factors for OS included age, obesity, smoking, lack of physical activity, and menopause duration over 5 years. Hysterectomy with oophorectomy significantly increased OS risk. Vitamin D deficiency correlated strongly with OS. Low serum calcium and Vitamin D levels emerged as independent predictors of OS, with reduced serum calcium linked to a 7.8-fold increased risk. Conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence of OS (58%) among postmenopausal women. Key risk factors include aging, higher body mass index, smoking, inactivity, and prolonged menopause. OS risk is notably higher posthysterectomy with oophorectomy. Vitamin D deficiency and low serum calcium are significant, independent predictors of OS.