Scholars have long sought to explain the nature of the international system by studying the concept of order as one of its main drivers. Despite their efforts, however, they often rely on rigid theoretical frameworks or overlook the coexistence of multiple orders within the international system. This paper challenges these limitations and calls for a broader study of order that moves beyond singular schools of thought. It does so by examining the evolution of orders since the Peace of Westphalia through a realist-constructivist approach. Building on the history of orders and contrary to mainstream international relations theories, which often depict orders as static or purely material constructs, this paper argues that orders evolve, with socialization playing a key role—an element these theories often overlook. Furthermore, acknowledging the decline of the Liberal International Order, it introduces two new concepts to the field of international relations—bounded anarchy and bounded society—as analytical tools for understanding the nature of orders in international politics from a systemic perspective.
Edris Tajik (Sat,) studied this question.