FP2O Techno-Economic Resilience Assessment of a Cascade Biorefinery for the Valorization of Hass Avocado Seed in the Colombian Amazon

The valorization of agro-industrial residues reduces environmental impacts and generates economic benefits by producing high-value products such as bioplastics and bioactive compounds. Avocado processing produces about 35% residues, with seeds rich in vitamins, lipids, polysaccharides, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. A cascade biorefinery based on Hass avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) is proposed to produce starch, biofilms, and biocontrol agents. A FP2O (Feedstock–Processing–Product–Operation) techno-economic resilience analysis was conducted for a biorefinery with a processing capacity of 255 t/y of avocado seeds in the Colombian Amazon. Results show the process remains viable under variations in operational costs, raw material prices, product prices, and processing capacity, demonstrating resilience under specific operational conditions. Profitability indicators confirm economic feasibility, with ROI of 47.67%, NPV of USD 0.75 million, and PBP of 1.09 years, allowing full capital recovery in less than five years.