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This research aims to develop a cost-effective enzymatic urea biosensor using a screen-printed carbon electrode.

June 20, 2026Open Access

Enzymatic Urea Biosensor on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes Based on a Hierarchical Polypyrrole/Reduced Graphene Oxide Scaffold with Machine Learning- Assisted Analysis

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Randomized trial evaluates urea biosensor performance, suggesting a novel approach for enhanced sensing accuracy.

This research aims to develop a cost-effective enzymatic urea biosensor using a screen-printed carbon electrode.
Developed a biosensor on screen-printed carbon electrodes with polypyrrole and reduced graphene oxide modifications.
Evaluated biosensor response in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with varying urea concentrations.
Utilized machine learning for data analysis of fabrication variables and sensor performance.
Biosensor shows a linear response to urea concentrations up to 30 mM with a limit of detection of 3.65 µM.
Achieved area-normalized sensitivity of 3.68 µA·mM⁻¹·cm⁻² and precision with RSDs below 3%.
Demonstrated robust storage stability with 93% retention after 4 weeks.

Jamaliyan et al. (2026) studied this question.

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