Impact of aging and body mass index on self-reported cognitive impairment among West Texas adults: Implications for better lifestyle

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an increasing public health concern, especially among adults over age 40 in rural regions, where chronic conditions are prevalent and healthcare resources are limited. Objective This study aimed to determine the impact of aging and body mass index (BMI) on self-reported cognitive impairment, while controlling for covariates. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional survey data from hospital visits in Parmer and Cochran counties, using Pearson's chi-squared test, two sample proportions, and binary and multivariable logistic regression. Results Due to varying social involvement, individuals lacking social activities but becoming engaged at baseline experienced slower cognitive decline over time. Individuals aged 70 and above in Cochran and Parmer Counties had higher odds of cognitive impairment compared to those aged 40–49, with these associations remaining significant after adjusting for covariates ( p < 0.05). Cochran County data showed that participants aged 60–69 who are overweight had much lower odds of cognitive impairment than those aged 40–49 with a normal BMI, after adjusting for anxiety, depression, and memory loss (OR = 0.2, CI: 0.1–0.8, p = 0.026). Similarly, in Parmer County, individuals aged 60–69 who are obese also had reduced odds compared to younger adults with a normal BMI (OR = 0.2, CI: 0.1–0.8, p = 0.027). Conclusions Aging remains associated with self-reported cognitive impairment, even after adjusting for risk factors, highlighting need for targeted interventions for elderly populations. Lower odds among overweight and obese seniors suggest a complex relationship between higher BMI and cognitive impairment in this population.