New perspectives on energy-accounting and value units emerge in civilization simulations, linking Fuller's and Katayama's ideas.
Revised v2: Section 3.2 expanded with accurate account of Fuller's actual energy-accounting position across Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1969), Critical Path (1981), and Synergetics. Fuller proposed kilowatt-hours as the World Game transaction unit — not rejected but shown to be incomplete (resource layer, not value layer). LUX (Hikari) completes Fuller's framework by providing the missing N-denominated value unit. Fuller's own §100.20 acknowledgment that 'value is more than energy' cited as internal evidence.
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Yoshimitsu Katayama (2026) studied this question.
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