Media effects on immigration beliefs and attitudes in Europe: a multilevel and longitudinal comparative analysis

January 1, 2026Open Access

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Key Points

This research examines how media reporting shapes immigration beliefs and attitudes across diverse European societies.
Developed a contextualized media effects model based on intergroup threat theory and cognitive media theories.
Combined content analysis of newspapers (2001–2020) with European Social Survey data (2002–2018).
Utilized a multilevel and longitudinal design to analyze four key thematic studies.
Study 1 found that reporting follows event-driven patterns with transnational convergence during crises, but national divergence in stable periods.
Study 2 indicated a weak correlation between attribute valence and beliefs, suggesting resistance to short-term effects.
Study 4 showed that higher media system quality corresponds with more positive attitudes, despite persistent ethnic hierarchies.

Longitudinal analysis reveals that media influences immigration attitudes, highlighting complex interactions with individual beliefs and contexts.

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Maija Ozola-Schade (2026) studied this question.

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