What we learned in prison: A fieldwork study about violent extremism

Violent extremism has shaped Spain’s history and continues to pose a significant social challenge. From jihadist and ETA-related terrorism to street gang violence, individuals affiliated with these groups may be willing to risk their lives and engage in violence in the name of their group and cause. In this research project, we interviewed approximately 800 participants incarcerated across more than 40 Spanish penitentiary centers. Participants were selected either because they were affiliated with an extremist organization or because they were demographically and ethnically comparable (control group). To address limitations in the existing literature, we adopted a multi-theoretical approach—drawing on identity fusion theory, the devoted actor model, and the 3N model of radicalization—and combined quantitative and qualitative methodologies. We present the most relevant findings, along with key applied contributions to P/CVE efforts in penitentiary settings and the broader social context. Overall, this research aims to provide a more comprehensive and empirically grounded understanding of the psychosocial mechanisms underlying violent extremism and pathways to disengagement.