Virtual Nursing Programs in Acute Care Settings: A Scoping Review of Patient, Nurse, and System-Level Outcomes

Objective: To synthesize the literature on the influence of virtual nursing (VN) on patient, nurse, and system-level outcomes in acute care. Background: Persistent nursing workforce challenges, including staff shortages and turnover, have been intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic, rising patient acuity, and increasing documentation demands. Many health systems have adopted VN programs, where remote nurses support bedside staff using audiovisual technology. Although these programs are rapidly expanding, evidence of their effectiveness remains limited. Methods: These authors conducted a scoping review following PRISMA guidelines. Eleven studies reporting patient, nurse, or system-level outcomes were included. Results: Most studies were cross-sectional pilots. Evidence was strongest for nurse and patient satisfaction, with reports of improved discharge efficiency, reduced administrative burden, and higher patient satisfaction. Findings for other outcomes, including safety indicators and financial metrics, were inconsistently reported. Conclusions: Virtual nursing shows promise for enhancing patient satisfaction and workflow efficiency, but cannot replace investments in sufficient bedside staff and resources.